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The central core of each mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a conserved cascade of 3 protein kinases: an activated MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) phosphorylates and activates a specific MAPK kinase (MAPKK), which then activates a specific MAPK. While the ERK MAPKs are activated by mitogenic stimulation, the CSBP2 and JNK MAPKs are activated by environmental stresses such as osmotic shock, UV irradiation, wound stress, and inflammatory factors. This gene encodes a MAPKKK, the MEK

Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT1) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the entry of glucose into the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in mammals. GFAT1, a member of the N-terminal nucleophile class of amidotransferases, converts fructose-6-phosphate into N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate. Hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance, a condition in which exposure to high concentrations of glucose and insulin results in insulin resistance, may result from increased gl

Epsin 1 is an endocytic accessory protein, with significant similarity to the Xenopus mitotic phosphoprotein MP90. Epsin 1 interacts with Eps15 (the ?subunit of the Clathrin adaptor AP2), Clathrin and other accessory proteins. The mitotic phosphorylation of these proteins may be one of the mechanisms by which the invagination of Clathrin-coated pits is blocked in mitosis. Both Epsin and Eps15, like other cytosolic components of the synaptic vesicle endo-cytic machinery, undergo constitutive

A gene on chromosome 20q13.1 encodes Eya2 (eyes absent). EYA2 is one of four members of the eyes absent family. A 271 amino acid domain at the carboxy-terminal is highly conserved amongst the members of the eyes absent family, while the PST (proline-serive-threonin)-rich amino-terminal is highly divergent. EYA2 is expressed relatively late in development in the cytoplasm of extensor tendons and ligaments of the phalangeal elements of the limb, cranial placodes, branchial arches, central nervou

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to the gene product of Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad17, a cell cycle checkpoint gene required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. This protein shares strong similarity with DNA replication factor C (RFC), and can form a complex with RFCs. This protein binds to chromatin prior to DNA damage and is phosphorylated by the checkpoint kinase ATR following damage. This protein recruits the RAD1-RAD9-HUS1 checkpoin